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John Bowes (steamship)
''John Bowes'', built on the River Tyne in England in 1852, was the world's first entirely successful steam collier. She traded for over 81 years before sinking in a storm off Spain.
==Development==
Owing to her success, the ''John Bowes'' is often said to be the first steam collier.〔http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?188671〕〔http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/collier-who-steamed-north-legend-1619012〕〔http://www.tynetugs.co.uk/Palmer.html〕〔http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Shipbuilding.html〕 That is not quite true. The ''Bedlington'' of 1841 could have that honour but she only worked locally (albeit in the open sea), she carried the coal in railway wagons (she was not a bulk carrier but a type of ferry) and she was wrecked in 1846.〔The Steam Colliers Fleets by Messrs MacRae & Waine, Waine Research 1990 pages 11-13.〕
The entrepreneur behind the ''John Bowes''′ design was Charles Mark Palmer. She was the second vessel from his new Jarrow shipyard, founded with his brother George, which would build over a 1000 ships. The vessel's key novelties were the iron hull, water ballast and steam screw propulsion, despite which an auxiliary sailing rig was also fitted.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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